MODERNIZATION OF PRESS AND MANAGEMENT

MODERNIZATION OF PRESS AND MANAGEMENT

MODERNIZATION OF PRESS

MODERNIZATION THEORY-

·         MODERNIZATION IS A PHASED PROCESS.

·         MODERNIZATION IS A HOMOGENIXING. (THE CHANGE SOMETHING SO THAT IT’S PARTS BECOME SIMILAR OR THE SAME.)

·         MODERNIZATION IS AN AMERICANIZATION OR EUROPIANIZATION PROCESS.

·         MODERNIZATION IS A PROGRESSIVE PROCESS.

·         MODERNIZATION IS A LENGTHY PROCESS.

CHANGE IN PRINTING PROCESS - FAST & COLORED PRINTING.

1.      EVOLUTION OF PRINTING PRESS IN 15^TH. OF CENTURY.

2.      FRIST MAJOR CHANGE CAME IN THE EARLY PART OF 19^TH. CENTURY AS AN IRON PRESS.

3.      THAN CYLNDER PRESS AND DEVELOPED AS ROTARY PRESS.

4.       20^TH. CENTURY CAME WITH OFFSECT PRINTING PRESS. (WASHINTON RUBEL, 1904 FOR PRINTING ON PAPER. )

CHANGE IN STYLE OF REPORTING & PRESENTATION

                 MODERN CONCEPT OF NEWS-

1.   1830-1920 के मध्‍य अमेरिका, फ्रांस और ब्रिटिश पत्रकारों ने समाचार और साक्षातकार का वर्तमान स्‍वरूप विकसित किया था। इसे एंगलो- अमेरिकन की खोज के रूप में माना जाता है।

2.      NEW JOURNALISM- 1960-1970 literary techniques. From US.

3.      The 20^th. Century saw the rise of tabloid journalism aimed at the working class and tending to emphasize sensational topics. Tabloid journalism tends to emphasize topics such as sensational crime stories, astrology, gossip columns about the personal lives of celebrities and sports stars, and junk food news. Such journalism is commonly associated with tabloid sized newspapers   like the NATIONAL ENQUIRER (UK), GLOBE (CANADA) or  THE SUN (UK) and the former NEWS OF THE WORLD (UK).

GLOBALIZATION- The age of electronics

1.   1901 MARCONI PERFORMED THE WIRELESS.  उसके 10-11 साल बाद जापान-रूस युध्‍द के समय ‘लंदन टाइम्‍स’ ने वायरलेस के माध्‍यम से युध्‍द के समाचार मंगवाए।

2.   19026 RADIO NEWS BY NBC  AND IN IN 1936 BBC TELEVISION  PROGRAMMES.

                                                              

                                                               INTERNET

इंटरनेट का जन्‍म अमेरिकी रक्षाविभाग पेंटागन से संबंधित माना जाता है। है। पेंटागन के वैज्ञानिक ने 1969 में एपार्नेट नामक योजना बनाई। जिस एडवांस रिसर्च प्रोजेक्‍ट एजेंसी ने प्रतिरक्षा संबंधी शोध करने वाली संस्‍थओं के कम्‍प्‍यूटरों को पैकेट नेटवर्क स्विच के साथ जोड़ दिया। दिया।इंटरनेट पर इसी तकनीक का इस्‍तेमाल ई मेल के लिए होता है।

NATIONAL SCINNCE FOUNDATION in the 1980s, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. Though the Internet has been widely used by academia since the 1980s, the commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network .

ON LINE NEWS PAPER (1974)-An early example of newspaper or magazine is "News Report", created by Bruce Parrello (ब्रुस पारेलो ) in 1974.  Beginning in 1987, the Brazilian newspaper Jornaldodia (जोरनालओडिआ) (www. Jornaldodia .com.br) run on the state owned Embratel network  (moving to the internet in the 1990s). By the late 1990s, hundreds of U.S. newspapers were publishing online versions.

वेबसाइट- 1994 में जस्टिन हॉल ने ऑललाइन डायरी के रूप में की थी। जबकि पहली बार ‘वेबलॉग’ शब्‍द का प्रयोग 1997 में जॉन बर्जन ने किया था। औपचारिक रूप से देखें तो सर्वप्रथम वेबलॉग को पहली बार अपनी निजी साइट पर लाने वाले व्‍यक्ति हैं पीटर महारेल्‍ज़, जिन्‍होंने सन 1999 में इस काम को अंजाम दिया था। जबकि पहली मुफ्त ब्‍लॉगिंग की शुरूआत करने का श्रेय पियारा लैब्‍स के इवान विलियम्‍स और मैग होरिहान ने अगस्‍त 1999 में ‘ब्‍लॉगर’ नाम से ब्‍लॉग साइट का प्रारम्‍भ किया, जिसे बाद में गूगल ने खरीद लिया।

PRESS MANAGEMENT & NEW CHALLENGES

GENERALLY A NEWSPAPER OFFICE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FOUR BROD DEPARTMENTS.

1.      BUSSINESS DEPARTMENT.

2.      EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT OR NEWS ROOM.

3.      MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT.

4.      ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT.

1.      BUSSINESS DEPARTMENT

USUALLY LOCATED IN FRONT OF THE NEWSPAPER OFFIVE, SO IT CALLED THE FRONT OFFICE.  IT HAS AN OBVIOUS DUTY TO KEEP THE ORGANISATION A FLOAT FINANCIALLY.  MAJOR DIVISIONS-

A.     ADVERTISEMENT DEPARTMENT.

B.     CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT.

C.     PROMOTION DEPARTMENT.

D.     ACCOUNTING OR AUDITING DEPARTMENT.

USUALLY THE ENTIRE OPERATION IS DIRECTED BY A “BUSINESS MANAGER”  TO WHOME EASH OF THESE DEPARTMANT HEADS IS RESPONSIBLE. THE BUSINESS MANAGER FUNCTION OFTEN IS HEADED BY THE PUBLISHER HIMSELF OR CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER.

ADVERTISEMENT DEPARTMENT- HEADED BY AN ADVERTISING MANAGER. ORDINARILY IT HAS FOUR DIVISIONS SUCH AS, LOCAL OR RETAIL, (CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS.), FOREGION OR NATIONAL, (DEALS WITH ADVERTISING AGENCIES WITCH HANDLE THE ACCOUNT OF THE BIG ADVERTISERS OF METROPOLITAN CITIES.) , MERCHANDISING OR SERVICE DIVISION (IT IS FORMOST PURPOSE IS TO ASSIST THE ADVERTISER IN GETTING  THE MAXIMUM RETURAN ON HIS ADVERTISING BUDGET.)

CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT- IT IS USUALLY HEADED BY A CIRCULATION MANAGER. THE CIRCULATION MANAGER SUPERVISES CITY AND AREA CIRCULATION AND IS ALSO INCHARGE OF MOVING THE PAPERS INTO THE APPROPRIATE DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS AS THE MOVE INTO THE MAILING ROOM FROM THE PRESS ROOM.

PROMOTION DEPARTMENT- IT IS ESSENTIALLY THE PUBLICE RELATIONS DEPARTMENTS OF THE NEWSPAPER. IT USUALLY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR  INITIATING PROMOTION POLICIES, SUBJECT TO THE APPORVAL OF THE PUBLISHER AND USUALLY COORDINATES THE PROMOTIONAL   ACTIVITIES OF OTHER DEPARTMENTS.

SALES PROMOTION INVOLVES THE DIRECTION OF AN OFFIC STAFF TO KEEP RECORDS, NOTIFYING SUBSCRIBERS WHEN TEIR SUBSCRIPTIONS AND RENEWALS OVER THE COUNTER BY MAIL ETC.

2.      EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

THE EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT GENERALLY HEADED BY EDITOR IN CHIEF. THE DEPARTMENT ACTUALLY HAS TWO SIDES- NEWS AND EDITORIAL.  THE NEWS SIDE IS USUALLY UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF EXECUTIVE EDITOR. THE EDITORIAL PAGE CREW CONSISTS OF EDITORIAL WRITERS AND IS DIRECTED BY A CHIEF EDITORIAL WRITER AND EDITOR OR DIRECTLY IN THE SUPERVISION OF EDITOR IN CHIEF.

THE EDITOR IS THE EXECUTIVE HEAD OF THE NEWSPAPER. HE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL NEWS AND OTHER EDITORIAL CONTENT. IF THERE IS ANY DEFAMATION CASE, EDITOR IS ANSWERABLE TO BOTH THE GOVERNMENT AND THE COURT.

 MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PLANT SUPERINTENDENT. HE IS DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE TO THE PUBLISHER. THESE DEPARTMENTS ARE UNDER HIS CONTROL.

A.     COMPOSING ROOM (COMPOSING & PAGINATION)THIS IS THE POINT OF CHIEF CONTACT BETWEEN THE EDITORIAL SIDE AND THE MECHANICAL SIDE. IT IS IN THIS DEPARTMENT THAT COPY IS SET INTO TYPE AND THE TYPE IS ASSEMBLED INTO THE NEWSPAPER PAGE. STRAIGHT MATTER OR BODY TYPE IS SET ACCORDING TO INSTRUCTIONS ON NEWS COPY SENT FROM THE NEWS ROOM, HEADLINES ARE SET FROM SIMILAR DIRECTIONS, ADS. ARE FIRST SET INTO TYPE AND THAN ASSEMBLED ON THE BASIS OF INSTRUCTION ON ADVERTISING COPY FROM THE ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT. ALL OF THESE MATERIALS ARE ASSEMBLED INTO NEWSPAPER PAGES, FOLLOWING THE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE DUMMIES. WHICH SHOW WHERE EACH ELEMENT IS TO GO.

B.     STEREOTYPE DEPARTMENT- HERE NEWSPAPER PAGES ARE RUN THROUGH A SERIES OF STEPS WHICH PREPARE THEM TO BE CLAMPED AS CURVED PLATES OF METAL.  IT HAS TWO MAJOR OPERATIONS , FIRST TO ROLL OUT A REVERSE IMPRESSION OF THE NEWSPAPER PAGE ONTO A PAPIRMACHE “MAT” ; THAN TO “CAST” INTO CARVE BY POURING MOLTEN METAL AGAINST THE CURVED SURFACE OF THE MAT. AFTER THE CAST HAS COOLED AND BEEN TRIMMED, IT IS READY TO BE CLAMPED ON TO THE PRESS.

C.     PRESS ROOM- ROTARY PRESSES CAN TURN OUT NEWSPAPERS AT PHENOMENAL SPEEDS. THEY NOT ONLY PRINT BUT CUT, FOLD AND TRIM THE PAPERS AND DELIVER THAM DIRECTLY TO THE MAILING ROOM.

3.      ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT

THE EDITOR, THE PRINTER AND THE PUBLISHER ARE VERY IMPORTANT PERSONS IN THE NEWSPAPER OFFICE. THE THREE PERSONS ARE HIGHLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PUBLICATION OF THE NEWSPAPER. UNDER THEIR CAREFUL SUPERVISION AND SINCERE WORK, THE NEWSPAPER WORK IS CARRIED OUT VERY SMOOTHLY AND REGULARLY. THEY ARE ALL IN ALL THE ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT.   

CHALLENGES 

·         THE CHALLENGES OF PUBLIC MIND- DUE TO THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PEOPLE MIND SET CHAGED DAY BY DAY. BUT THE PRESS OFTEN THE SERVENT OF SPECIAL POLITICAL AND FINANCIAL INTRESTS OF ORGENISED CAPITAL OF ADVERTISERS. THAT FACT WILL BE DEALT WITH PRESENTLY. BUT IT CAN ONLY SERVE THOSE INTERESTS BY INFLUENCING THE PUBLICMIND IN A CERTAIN WAY AND MEANS OF A CERTAIN GENERAL METHOD.

·         THE CHALLENGES OF YOUNG READERS- YOUNG READERS BUY FEWER NEWSPAPERS AND SPEND LESS TIME READING THEM THAN OLDER GENERATIONS.  MANY NEWSPAPER EDITORS AND MANAGERS WORK HARD AT DEVELOPING STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THEIR TITLES APPEAL TO YOUNGER READERS. THAT IS NEEDED TO ATTRACT ADVERTISING FROM BRANDS AND PRODUCRS WHICH APPEAL TO THE BIG SPENDERS OF YOUTH GENERATION.

·         THE CHALLENGES OF ECONOMY- EVERY NEWSPAPERS ARE BUSINESSES. THEY HAVE SOME CLIENTS. THE CLIENTS ARE BUSSINESSES THAT WANT TO ADVERTISE. BUT THEY LOSE THESE CLIENTS WHEN THE NEWSPAPER PROMOTES VIEWS AND SAYS THINGS THAT DON’T ALIGN WITH THE BOTTOM LINE INTEREST’S OF SAID CLIENTS.

·         CHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION – THE GLOBALIZATION CREATES THE COMPITITION IN THE MARKET.  DUE TO COMPITITION NEWSPAPERS ARE LOSING THEIR MARKET SHARE AND PROFITABILITY BECAUSE OF  THE NEWS WEBSITES. SO THE PRESSURE ON PRESS AS WELL AS ON JOURNALISTS TO CREATE SOMETHING MORE INTERESTING AND NEW THEN NEWS WEBSITES.

·         THE CHALLENGE OF INTEGRITY- TRY TO CREATE SOMETHING NEW AND  EFFORTES TO MAINTIN THEIR ECONOMI PRESS LOSING THEIR INTEGRITY.  ALONG WITH THIS THE ISSUES ARE COMPLICATED. SOCIAL POLICY IS COMPLICATED. IN A COMPLICATED WORLD IT CAN BE VERY HARD TO FIND OUT THE TRUTH OR REASONABLE APPROXIMATIONS OF IT

·         THE CHALLENGE OF PRODUCTION-  THE PRESSURE FOR PRESS TO UNDERSTAND A SITUATION, PRODUCE SOME ENGAGING NEWSPAPER, SAY SOMETHING NON-THREATING FOR BEARING THEIR ADVERTISERS, NOT GET SUED BY A PERSON ON THE NEWSPAPER. THE FINANCIAL FUTURE OF ALL THE STAFF IS ON THEIR SHOULDERS AND THE WEIGHT MUST BE SPINE- CRUSHING.